Methods and apparatus of video coding in 4:4:4 chroma format

ABSTRACT

An electronic apparatus performs a method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; receiving a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether the coding unit has any non-zero residuals; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: receiving a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether the coding unit has been encoded using adaptive color-space transform (ACT); in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value: assigning the zero value to the second syntax element; and determining whether or not to perform inverse ACT on the video data of the coding unit in accordance with a value of the second syntax element.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application is a continuation of PCT Application No. PCT/US2020/052248, entitled “Methods and Apparatus of video CODING in 4:4:4 chroma format” filed Sep. 23, 2020, which claims priority to US Provisional Patent Application No. 62/904,539, entitled “METHODS AND APPARATUS OF VIDEO CODING IN 4:4:4 CHROMA FORMAT” filed Sep. 23, 2019, both of which are incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present application generally relates to video data coding and compression, and in particular, to method and system of improving the coding efficiency of videos that are encoded in 4:4:4 chroma format.

BACKGROUND

Digital video is supported by a variety of electronic devices, such as digital televisions, laptop or desktop computers, tablet computers, digital cameras, digital recording devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, smart phones, video teleconferencing devices, video streaming devices, etc. The electronic devices transmit, receive, encode, decode, and/or store digital video data by implementing video compression/decompression standards as defined by MPEG-4, ITU-T H.263, ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), and Versatile Video Coding (VVC) standard. Video compression typically includes performing spatial (intra frame) prediction and/or temporal (inter frame) prediction to reduce or remove redundancy inherent in the video data. For block-based video coding, a video frame is partitioned into one or more slices, each slice having multiple video blocks, which may also be referred to as coding tree units (CTUs). Each CTU may contain one coding unit (CU) or recursively split into smaller CUs until the predefined minimum CU size is reached. Each CU (also named leaf CU) contains one or multiple transform units (TUs) and each CU also contains one or multiple prediction units (PUs). Each CU can be coded in either intra, inter or IBC modes. Video blocks in an intra coded (I) slice of a video frame are encoded using spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks within the same video frame. Video blocks in an inter coded (P or B) slice of a video frame may use spatial prediction with respect to reference samples in neighboring blocks within the same video frame or temporal prediction with respect to reference samples in other previous and/or future reference video frames.

Spatial or temporal prediction based on a reference block that has been previously encoded, e.g., a neighboring block, results in a predictive block for a current video block to be coded. The process of finding the reference block may be accomplished by block matching algorithm. Residual data representing pixel differences between the current block to be coded and the predictive block is referred to as a residual block or prediction errors. An inter-coded block is encoded according to a motion vector that points to a reference block in a reference frame forming the predictive block, and the residual block. The process of determining the motion vector is typically referred to as motion estimation. An intra coded block is encoded according to an intra prediction mode and the residual block. For further compression, the residual block is transformed from the pixel domain to a transform domain, e.g., frequency domain, resulting in residual transform coefficients, which may then be quantized. The quantized transform coefficients, initially arranged in a two-dimensional array, may be scanned to produce a one-dimensional vector of transform coefficients, and then entropy encoded into a video bitstream to achieve even more compression.

The encoded video bitstream is then saved in a computer-readable storage medium (e.g., flash memory) to be accessed by another electronic device with digital video capability or directly transmitted to the electronic device wired or wirelessly. The electronic device then performs video decompression (which is an opposite process to the video compression described above) by, e.g., parsing the encoded video bitstream to obtain syntax elements from the bitstream and reconstructing the digital video data to its original format from the encoded video bitstream based at least in part on the syntax elements obtained from the bitstream, and renders the reconstructed digital video data on a display of the electronic device.

With digital video quality going from high definition, to 4K×2K or even 8K×4K, the amount of vide data to be encoded/decoded grows exponentially. It is a constant challenge in terms of how the video data can be encoded/decoded more efficiently while maintaining the image quality of the decoded video data.

Certain video content, e.g., screen content videos, is encoded in 4:4:4 chroma format in which all three components (the luma component and both chroma components) have the same resolution. Although 4:4:4 chroma format includes more redundancies compared to that in 4:2:0 chroma format and 4:2:2 chroma format (which is unfriendly to achieving a good compression efficiency), 4:4:4 chroma format is still the preferred encoding format for many applications where high fidelity is required to preserve color information, such as sharp edges, in the decoded video. Given the redundancies that exist in 4:4:4 chroma format video, there are evidences that significant coding improvement can be achieved by exploiting the correlations among the three color components of 4:4:4 video (e.g. Y, Cb and Cr in YCbCr domain; or G, B and R in RGB domain). Due to these correlations, during the development of HEVC screen content coding (SCC) extension, the adaptive color-space transform (ACT) tool is employed to exploit the correlation among three color components.

SUMMARY

The present application describes implementations related to video data encoding and decoding and, more particularly, to system and method of improving the coding efficiency of videos that are encoded in a particular chroma format.

According to a first aspect of the present application, a method of decoding video data includes receiving, from bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; receiving a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether the coding unit has any non-zero residuals; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: receiving a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether the coding unit has been encoded using adaptive color-space transform (ACT); in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value: assigning the zero value to the second syntax element; and determining whether or not to perform inverse ACT on the video data of the coding unit in accordance with a value of the second syntax element.

According to a second aspect of the present application, an electronic apparatus includes one or more processing units, memory and a plurality of programs stored in the memory. The programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform the method of decoding video data as described above.

According to a third aspect of the present application, a non-transitory computer readable storage medium stores a plurality of programs for execution by an electronic apparatus having one or more processing units. The programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform the method of decoding video data as described above.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the implementations and are incorporated herein and constitute a part of the specification, illustrate the described implementations and together with the description serve to explain the underlying principles. Like reference numerals refer to corresponding parts.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoding and decoding system in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoder in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video decoder in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 4A through 4E are block diagrams illustrating how a frame is recursively partitioned into multiple video blocks of different sizes and shapes in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIGS. 5A through 5B are block diagrams illustrating examples of applying the technique of adaptive color-space transform (ACT) to transform residuals between RGB color space and YCgCo color space in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of applying the technique of luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) in an exemplary video data decoding process in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video decoding process by which a video decoder implements the technique of inverse adaptive color-space transform (ACT) in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart illustrating an exemplary process by which a video decoder decodes video data by conditionally performing inverse adaptive color-space transform in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Reference will now be made in detail to specific implementations, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. In the following detailed description, numerous non-limiting specific details are set forth in order to assist in understanding the subject matter presented herein. But it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that various alternatives may be used without departing from the scope of claims and the subject matter may be practiced without these specific details. For example, it will be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art that the subject matter presented herein can be implemented on many types of electronic devices with digital video capabilities.

FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary system 10 for encoding and decoding video blocks in parallel in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure. As shown in FIG. 1, system 10 includes a source device 12 that generates and encodes video data to be decoded at a later time by a destination device 14. Source device 12 and destination device 14 may comprise any of a wide variety of electronic devices, including desktop or laptop computers, tablet computers, smart phones, set-top boxes, digital televisions, cameras, display devices, digital media players, video gaming consoles, video streaming device, or the like. In some implementations, source device 12 and destination device 14 are equipped with wireless communication capabilities.

In some implementations, destination device 14 may receive the encoded video data to be decoded via a link 16. Link 16 may comprise any type of communication medium or device capable of moving the encoded video data from source device 12 to destination device 14. In one example, link 16 may comprise a communication medium to enable source device 12 to transmit the encoded video data directly to destination device 14 in real-time. The encoded video data may be modulated according to a communication standard, such as a wireless communication protocol, and transmitted to destination device 14. The communication medium may comprise any wireless or wired communication medium, such as a radio frequency (RF) spectrum or one or more physical transmission lines. The communication medium may form part of a packet-based network, such as a local area network, a wide-area network, or a global network such as the Internet. The communication medium may include routers, switches, base stations, or any other equipment that may be useful to facilitate communication from source device 12 to destination device 14.

In some other implementations, the encoded video data may be transmitted from output interface 22 to a storage device 32. Subsequently, the encoded video data in storage device 32 may be accessed by destination device 14 via input interface 28. Storage device 32 may include any of a variety of distributed or locally accessed data storage media such as a hard drive, Blu-ray discs, DVDs, CD-ROMs, flash memory, volatile or non-volatile memory, or any other suitable digital storage media for storing encoded video data. In a further example, storage device 32 may correspond to a file server or another intermediate storage device that may hold the encoded video data generated by source device 12. Destination device 14 may access the stored video data from storage device 32 via streaming or downloading. The file server may be any type of computer capable of storing encoded video data and transmitting the encoded video data to destination device 14. Exemplary file servers include a web server (e.g., for a website), an FTP server, network attached storage (NAS) devices, or a local disk drive. Destination device 14 may access the encoded video data through any standard data connection, including a wireless channel (e.g., a Wi-Fi connection), a wired connection (e.g., DSL, cable modem, etc.), or a combination of both that is suitable for accessing encoded video data stored on a file server. The transmission of encoded video data from storage device 32 may be a streaming transmission, a download transmission, or a combination of both.

As shown in FIG. 1, source device 12 includes a video source 18, a video encoder 20 and an output interface 22. Video source 18 may include a source such as a video capture device, e.g., a video camera, a video archive containing previously captured video, a video feed interface to receive video from a video content provider, and/or a computer graphics system for generating computer graphics data as the source video, or a combination of such sources. As one example, if video source 18 is a video camera of a security surveillance system, source device 12 and destination device 14 may form camera phones or video phones. However, the implementations described in the present application may be applicable to video coding in general, and may be applied to wireless and/or wired applications.

The captured, pre-captured, or computer-generated video may be encoded by video encoder 20. The encoded video data may be transmitted directly to destination device 14 via output interface 22 of source device 12. The encoded video data may also (or alternatively) be stored onto storage device 32 for later access by destination device 14 or other devices, for decoding and/or playback. Output interface 22 may further include a modem and/or a transmitter.

Destination device 14 includes an input interface 28, a video decoder 30, and a display device 34. Input interface 28 may include a receiver and/or a modem and receive the encoded video data over link 16. The encoded video data communicated over link 16, or provided on storage device 32, may include a variety of syntax elements generated by video encoder 20 for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the video data. Such syntax elements may be included within the encoded video data transmitted on a communication medium, stored on a storage medium, or stored a file server.

In some implementations, destination device 14 may include a display device 34, which can be an integrated display device and an external display device that is configured to communicate with destination device 14. Display device 34 displays the decoded video data to a user, and may comprise any of a variety of display devices such as a liquid crystal display (LCD), a plasma display, an organic light emitting diode (OLED) display, or another type of display device.

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may operate according to proprietary or industry standards, such as VVC, HEVC, MPEG-4, Part 10, Advanced Video Coding (AVC), or extensions of such standards. It should be understood that the present application is not limited to a specific video coding/decoding standard and may be applicable to other video coding/decoding standards. It is generally contemplated that video encoder 20 of source device 12 may be configured to encode video data according to any of these current or future standards. Similarly, it is also generally contemplated that video decoder 30 of destination device 14 may be configured to decode video data according to any of these current or future standards.

Video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 each may be implemented as any of a variety of suitable encoder circuitry, such as one or more microprocessors, digital signal processors (DSPs), application specific integrated circuits (ASICs), field programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), discrete logic, software, hardware, firmware or any combinations thereof. When implemented partially in software, an electronic device may store instructions for the software in a suitable, non-transitory computer-readable medium and execute the instructions in hardware using one or more processors to perform the video coding/decoding operations disclosed in the present disclosure. Each of video encoder 20 and video decoder 30 may be included in one or more encoders or decoders, either of which may be integrated as part of a combined encoder/decoder (CODEC) in a respective device.

FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video encoder 20 in accordance with some implementations described in the present application. Video encoder 20 may perform intra and inter predictive coding of video blocks within video frames. Intra predictive coding relies on spatial prediction to reduce or remove spatial redundancy in video data within a given video frame or picture. Inter predictive coding relies on temporal prediction to reduce or remove temporal redundancy in video data within adjacent video frames or pictures of a video sequence.

As shown in FIG. 2, video encoder 20 includes video data memory 40, prediction processing unit 41, decoded picture buffer (DPB) 64, summer 50, transform processing unit 52, quantization unit 54, and entropy encoding unit 56. Prediction processing unit 41 further includes motion estimation unit 42, motion compensation unit 44, partition unit 45, intra prediction processing unit 46, and intra block copy (BC) unit 48. In some implementations, video encoder 20 also includes inverse quantization unit 58, inverse transform processing unit 60, and summer 62 for video block reconstruction. A deblocking filter (not shown) may be positioned between summer 62 and DPB 64 to filter block boundaries to remove blockiness artifacts from reconstructed video. An in loop filter (not shown) may also be used in addition to the deblocking filter to filter the output of summer 62. Video encoder 20 may take the form of a fixed or programmable hardware unit or may be divided among one or more of the illustrated fixed or programmable hardware units.

Video data memory 40 may store video data to be encoded by the components of video encoder 20. The video data in video data memory 40 may be obtained, for example, from video source 18. DPB 64 is a buffer that stores reference video data for use in encoding video data by video encoder 20 (e.g., in intra or inter predictive coding modes). Video data memory 40 and DPB 64 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices. In various examples, video data memory 40 may be on-chip with other components of video encoder 20, or off-chip relative to those components.

As shown in FIG. 2, after receiving video data, partition unit 45 within prediction processing unit 41 partitions the video data into video blocks. This partitioning may also include partitioning a video frame into slices, tiles, or other larger coding units (CUs) according to a predefined splitting structures such as quad-tree structure associated with the video data. The video frame may be divided into multiple video blocks (or sets of video blocks referred to as tiles). Prediction processing unit 41 may select one of a plurality of possible predictive coding modes, such as one of a plurality of intra predictive coding modes or one of a plurality of inter predictive coding modes, for the current video block based on error results (e.g., coding rate and the level of distortion). Prediction processing unit 41 may provide the resulting intra or inter prediction coded block to summer 50 to generate a residual block and to summer 62 to reconstruct the encoded block for use as part of a reference frame subsequently. Prediction processing unit 41 also provides syntax elements, such as motion vectors, intra-mode indicators, partition information, and other such syntax information, to entropy encoding unit 56.

In order to select an appropriate intra predictive coding mode for the current video block, intra prediction processing unit 46 within prediction processing unit 41 may perform intra predictive coding of the current video block relative to one or more neighboring blocks in the same frame as the current block to be coded to provide spatial prediction. Motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 within prediction processing unit 41 perform inter predictive coding of the current video block relative to one or more predictive blocks in one or more reference frames to provide temporal prediction. Video encoder 20 may perform multiple coding passes, e.g., to select an appropriate coding mode for each block of video data.

In some implementations, motion estimation unit 42 determines the inter prediction mode for a current video frame by generating a motion vector, which indicates the displacement of a prediction unit (PU) of a video block within the current video frame relative to a predictive block within a reference video frame, according to a predetermined pattern within a sequence of video frames. Motion estimation, performed by motion estimation unit 42, is the process of generating motion vectors, which estimate motion for video blocks. A motion vector, for example, may indicate the displacement of a PU of a video block within a current video frame or picture relative to a predictive block within a reference frame (or other coded unit) relative to the current block being coded within the current frame (or other coded unit). The predetermined pattern may designate video frames in the sequence as P frames or B frames. Intra BC unit 48 may determine vectors, e.g., block vectors, for intra BC coding in a manner similar to the determination of motion vectors by motion estimation unit 42 for inter prediction, or may utilize motion estimation unit 42 to determine the block vector.

A predictive block is a block of a reference frame that is deemed as closely matching the PU of the video block to be coded in terms of pixel difference, which may be determined by sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of square difference (SSD), or other difference metrics. In some implementations, video encoder 20 may calculate values for sub-integer pixel positions of reference frames stored in DPB 64. For example, video encoder 20 may interpolate values of one-quarter pixel positions, one-eighth pixel positions, or other fractional pixel positions of the reference frame. Therefore, motion estimation unit 42 may perform a motion search relative to the full pixel positions and fractional pixel positions and output a motion vector with fractional pixel precision.

Motion estimation unit 42 calculates a motion vector for a PU of a video block in an inter prediction coded frame by comparing the position of the PU to the position of a predictive block of a reference frame selected from a first reference frame list (List 0) or a second reference frame list (List 1), each of which identifies one or more reference frames stored in DPB 64. Motion estimation unit 42 sends the calculated motion vector to motion compensation unit 44 and then to entropy encoding unit 56.

Motion compensation, performed by motion compensation unit 44, may involve fetching or generating the predictive block based on the motion vector determined by motion estimation unit 42. Upon receiving the motion vector for the PU of the current video block, motion compensation unit 44 may locate a predictive block to which the motion vector points in one of the reference frame lists, retrieve the predictive block from DPB 64, and forward the predictive block to summer 50. Summer 50 then forms a residual video block of pixel difference values by subtracting pixel values of the predictive block provided by motion compensation unit 44 from the pixel values of the current video block being coded. The pixel difference values forming the residual vide block may include luma or chroma difference components or both. Motion compensation unit 44 may also generate syntax elements associated with the video blocks of a video frame for use by video decoder 30 in decoding the video blocks of the video frame. The syntax elements may include, for example, syntax elements defining the motion vector used to identify the predictive block, any flags indicating the prediction mode, or any other syntax information described herein. Note that motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 may be highly integrated, but are illustrated separately for conceptual purposes.

In some implementations, intra BC unit 48 may generate vectors and fetch predictive blocks in a manner similar to that described above in connection with motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44, but with the predictive blocks being in the same frame as the current block being coded and with the vectors being referred to as block vectors as opposed to motion vectors. In particular, intra BC unit 48 may determine an intra-prediction mode to use to encode a current block. In some examples, intra BC unit 48 may encode a current block using various intra-prediction modes, e.g., during separate encoding passes, and test their performance through rate-distortion analysis. Next, intra BC unit 48 may select, among the various tested intra-prediction modes, an appropriate intra-prediction mode to use and generate an intra-mode indicator accordingly. For example, intra BC unit 48 may calculate rate-distortion values using a rate-distortion analysis for the various tested intra-prediction modes, and select the intra-prediction mode having the best rate-distortion characteristics among the tested modes as the appropriate intra-prediction mode to use. Rate-distortion analysis generally determines an amount of distortion (or error) between an encoded block and an original, unencoded block that was encoded to produce the encoded block, as well as a bitrate (i.e., a number of bits) used to produce the encoded block. Intra BC unit 48 may calculate ratios from the distortions and rates for the various encoded blocks to determine which intra-prediction mode exhibits the best rate-distortion value for the block.

In other examples, intra BC unit 48 may use motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44, in whole or in part, to perform such functions for Intra BC prediction according to the implementations described herein. In either case, for Intra block copy, a predictive block may be a block that is deemed as closely matching the block to be coded, in terms of pixel difference, which may be determined by sum of absolute difference (SAD), sum of squared difference (SSD), or other difference metrics, and identification of the predictive block may include calculation of values for sub-integer pixel positions.

Whether the predictive block is from the same frame according to intra prediction, or a different frame according to inter prediction, video encoder 20 may form a residual video block by subtracting pixel values of the predictive block from the pixel values of the current video block being coded, forming pixel difference values. The pixel difference values forming the residual video block may include both luma and chroma component differences.

Intra prediction processing unit 46 may intra-predict a current video block, as an alternative to the inter-prediction performed by motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44, or the intra block copy prediction performed by intra BC unit 48, as described above. In particular, intra prediction processing unit 46 may determine an intra prediction mode to use to encode a current block. To do so, intra prediction processing unit 46 may encode a current block using various intra prediction modes, e.g., during separate encoding passes, and intra prediction processing unit 46 (or a mode select unit, in some examples) may select an appropriate intra prediction mode to use from the tested intra prediction modes. Intra prediction processing unit 46 may provide information indicative of the selected intra-prediction mode for the block to entropy encoding unit 56. Entropy encoding unit 56 may encode the information indicating the selected intra-prediction mode in the bitstream.

After prediction processing unit 41 determines the predictive block for the current video block via either inter prediction or intra prediction, summer 50 forms a residual video block by subtracting the predictive block from the current video block. The residual video data in the residual block may be included in one or more transform units (TUs) and is provided to transform processing unit 52. Transform processing unit 52 transforms the residual video data into residual transform coefficients using a transform, such as a discrete cosine transform (DCT) or a conceptually similar transform.

Transform processing unit 52 may send the resulting transform coefficients to quantization unit 54. Quantization unit 54 quantizes the transform coefficients to further reduce bit rate. The quantization process may also reduce the bit depth associated with some or all of the coefficients. The degree of quantization may be modified by adjusting a quantization parameter. In some examples, quantization unit 54 may then perform a scan of a matrix including the quantized transform coefficients. Alternatively, entropy encoding unit 56 may perform the scan.

Following quantization, entropy encoding unit 56 entropy encodes the quantized transform coefficients into a video bitstream using, e.g., context adaptive variable length coding (CAVLC), context adaptive binary arithmetic coding (CABAC), syntax-based context-adaptive binary arithmetic coding (SBAC), probability interval partitioning entropy (PIPE) coding or another entropy encoding methodology or technique. The encoded bitstream may then be transmitted to video decoder 30, or archived in storage device 32 for later transmission to or retrieval by video decoder 30. Entropy encoding unit 56 may also entropy encode the motion vectors and the other syntax elements for the current video frame being coded.

Inverse quantization unit 58 and inverse transform processing unit 60 apply inverse quantization and inverse transformation, respectively, to reconstruct the residual video block in the pixel domain for generating a reference block for prediction of other video blocks. As noted above, motion compensation unit 44 may generate a motion compensated predictive block from one or more reference blocks of the frames stored in DPB 64. Motion compensation unit 44 may also apply one or more interpolation filters to the predictive block to calculate sub-integer pixel values for use in motion estimation.

Summer 62 adds the reconstructed residual block to the motion compensated predictive block produced by motion compensation unit 44 to produce a reference block for storage in DPB 64. The reference block may then be used by intra BC unit 48, motion estimation unit 42 and motion compensation unit 44 as a predictive block to inter predict another video block in a subsequent video frame.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video decoder 30 in accordance with some implementations of the present application. Video decoder 30 includes video data memory 79, entropy decoding unit 80, prediction processing unit 81, inverse quantization unit 86, inverse transform processing unit 88, summer 90, and DPB 92. Prediction processing unit 81 further includes motion compensation unit 82, intra prediction processing unit 84, and intra BC unit 85. Video decoder 30 may perform a decoding process generally reciprocal to the encoding process described above with respect to video encoder 20 in connection with FIG. 2. For example, motion compensation unit 82 may generate prediction data based on motion vectors received from entropy decoding unit 80, while intra-prediction unit 84 may generate prediction data based on intra-prediction mode indicators received from entropy decoding unit 80.

In some examples, a unit of video decoder 30 may be tasked to perform the implementations of the present application. Also, in some examples, the implementations of the present disclosure may be divided among one or more of the units of video decoder 30. For example, intra BC unit 85 may perform the implementations of the present application, alone, or in combination with other units of video decoder 30, such as motion compensation unit 82, intra prediction processing unit 84, and entropy decoding unit 80. In some examples, video decoder 30 may not include intra BC unit 85 and the functionality of intra BC unit 85 may be performed by other components of prediction processing unit 81, such as motion compensation unit 82.

Video data memory 79 may store video data, such as an encoded video bitstream, to be decoded by the other components of video decoder 30. The video data stored in video data memory 79 may be obtained, for example, from storage device 32, from a local video source, such as a camera, via wired or wireless network communication of video data, or by accessing physical data storage media (e.g., a flash drive or hard disk). Video data memory 79 may include a coded picture buffer (CPB) that stores encoded video data from an encoded video bitstream. Decoded picture buffer (DPB) 92 of video decoder 30 stores reference video data for use in decoding video data by video decoder 30 (e.g., in intra or inter predictive coding modes). Video data memory 79 and DPB 92 may be formed by any of a variety of memory devices, such as dynamic random access memory (DRAM), including synchronous DRAM (SDRAM), magneto-resistive RAM (MRAM), resistive RAM (RRAM), or other types of memory devices. For illustrative purpose, video data memory 79 and DPB 92 are depicted as two distinct components of video decoder 30 in FIG. 3. But it will be apparent to one skilled in the art that video data memory 79 and DPB 92 may be provided by the same memory device or separate memory devices. In some examples, video data memory 79 may be on-chip with other components of video decoder 30, or off-chip relative to those components.

During the decoding process, video decoder 30 receives an encoded video bitstream that represents video blocks of an encoded video frame and associated syntax elements. Video decoder 30 may receive the syntax elements at the video frame level and/or the video block level. Entropy decoding unit 80 of video decoder 30 entropy decodes the bitstream to generate quantized coefficients, motion vectors or intra-prediction mode indicators, and other syntax elements. Entropy decoding unit 80 then forwards the motion vectors and other syntax elements to prediction processing unit 81.

When the video frame is coded as an intra predictive coded (I) frame or for intra coded predictive blocks in other types of frames, intra prediction processing unit 84 of prediction processing unit 81 may generate prediction data for a video block of the current video frame based on a signaled intra prediction mode and reference data from previously decoded blocks of the current frame.

When the video frame is coded as an inter-predictive coded (i.e., B or P) frame, motion compensation unit 82 of prediction processing unit 81 produces one or more predictive blocks for a video block of the current video frame based on the motion vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 80. Each of the predictive blocks may be produced from a reference frame within one of the reference frame lists. Video decoder 30 may construct the reference frame lists, List 0 and List 1, using default construction techniques based on reference frames stored in DPB 92.

In some examples, when the video block is coded according to the intra BC mode described herein, intra BC unit 85 of prediction processing unit 81 produces predictive blocks for the current video block based on block vectors and other syntax elements received from entropy decoding unit 80. The predictive blocks may be within a reconstructed region of the same picture as the current video block defined by video encoder 20.

Motion compensation unit 82 and/or intra BC unit 85 determines prediction information for a video block of the current video frame by parsing the motion vectors and other syntax elements, and then uses the prediction information to produce the predictive blocks for the current video block being decoded. For example, motion compensation unit 82 uses some of the received syntax elements to determine a prediction mode (e.g., intra or inter prediction) used to code video blocks of the video frame, an inter prediction frame type (e.g., B or P), construction information for one or more of the reference frame lists for the frame, motion vectors for each inter predictive encoded video block of the frame, inter prediction status for each inter predictive coded video block of the frame, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video frame.

Similarly, intra BC unit 85 may use some of the received syntax elements, e.g., a flag, to determine that the current video block was predicted using the intra BC mode, construction information of which video blocks of the frame are within the reconstructed region and should be stored in DPB 92, block vectors for each intra BC predicted video block of the frame, intra BC prediction status for each intra BC predicted video block of the frame, and other information to decode the video blocks in the current video frame.

Motion compensation unit 82 may also perform interpolation using the interpolation filters as used by video encoder 20 during encoding of the video blocks to calculate interpolated values for sub-integer pixels of reference blocks. In this case, motion compensation unit 82 may determine the interpolation filters used by video encoder 20 from the received syntax elements and use the interpolation filters to produce predictive blocks.

Inverse quantization unit 86 inverse quantizes the quantized transform coefficients provided in the bitstream and entropy decoded by entropy decoding unit 80 using the same quantization parameter calculated by video encoder 20 for each video block in the video frame to determine a degree of quantization. Inverse transform processing unit 88 applies an inverse transform, e.g., an inverse DCT, an inverse integer transform, or a conceptually similar inverse transform process, to the transform coefficients in order to reconstruct the residual blocks in the pixel domain.

After motion compensation unit 82 or intra BC unit 85 generates the predictive block for the current video block based on the vectors and other syntax elements, summer 90 reconstructs decoded video block for the current video block by summing the residual block from inverse transform processing unit 88 and a corresponding predictive block generated by motion compensation unit 82 and intra BC unit 85. An in-loop filter (not pictured) may be positioned between summer 90 and DPB 92 to further process the decoded video block. The decoded video blocks in a given frame are then stored in DPB 92, which stores reference frames used for subsequent motion compensation of next video blocks. DPB 92, or a memory device separate from DPB 92, may also store decoded video for later presentation on a display device, such as display device 34 of FIG. 1.

In a typical video coding process, a video sequence typically includes an ordered set of frames or pictures. Each frame may include three sample arrays, denoted SL, SCb, and SCr. SL is a two-dimensional array of luma samples. SCb is a two-dimensional array of Cb chroma samples. SCr is a two-dimensional array of Cr chroma samples. In other instances, a frame may be monochrome and therefore includes only one two-dimensional array of luma samples.

As shown in FIG. 4A, video encoder 20 (or more specifically partition unit 45) generates an encoded representation of a frame by first partitioning the frame into a set of coding tree units (CTUs). A video frame may include an integer number of CTUs ordered consecutively in a raster scan order from left to right and from top to bottom. Each CTU is a largest logical coding unit and the width and height of the CTU are signaled by the video encoder 20 in a sequence parameter set, such that all the CTUs in a video sequence have the same size being one of 128×128, 64×64, 32×32, and 16×16. But it should be noted that the present application is not necessarily limited to a particular size. As shown in FIG. 4B, each CTU may comprise one coding tree block (CTB) of luma samples, two corresponding coding tree blocks of chroma samples, and syntax elements used to code the samples of the coding tree blocks. The syntax elements describe properties of different types of units of a coded block of pixels and how the video sequence can be reconstructed at the video decoder 30, including inter or intra prediction, intra prediction mode, motion vectors, and other parameters. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a CTU may comprise a single coding tree block and syntax elements used to code the samples of the coding tree block. A coding tree block may be an N×N block of samples.

To achieve a better performance, video encoder 20 may recursively perform tree partitioning such as binary-tree partitioning, ternary-tree partitioning, quad-tree partitioning or a combination of both on the coding tree blocks of the CTU and divide the CTU into smaller coding units (CUs). As depicted in FIG. 4C, the 64×64 CTU 400 is first divided into four smaller CU, each having a block size of 32×32. Among the four smaller CUs, CU 410 and CU 420 are each divided into four CUs of 16×16 by block size. The two 16×16 CUs 430 and 440 are each further divided into four CUs of 8×8 by block size. FIG. 4D depicts a quad-tree data structure illustrating the end result of the partition process of the CTU 400 as depicted in FIG. 4C, each leaf node of the quad-tree corresponding to one CU of a respective size ranging from 32×32 to 8×8. Like the CTU depicted in FIG. 4B, each CU may comprise a coding block (CB) of luma samples and two corresponding coding blocks of chroma samples of a frame of the same size, and syntax elements used to code the samples of the coding blocks. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a CU may comprise a single coding block and syntax structures used to code the samples of the coding block. It should be noted that the quad-tree partitioning depicted in FIGS. 4C and 4D is only for illustrative purposes and one CTU can be split into CUs to adapt to varying local characteristics based on quad/ternary/binary-tree partitions. In the multi-type tree structure, one CTU is partitioned by a quad-tree structure and each quad-tree leaf CU can be further partitioned by a binary and ternary tree structure. As shown in FIG. 4E, there are five partitioning types, i.e., quaternary partitioning, horizontal binary partitioning, vertical binary partitioning, horizontal ternary partitioning, and vertical ternary partitioning.

In some implementations, video encoder 20 may further partition a coding block of a CU into one or more M×N prediction blocks (PB). A prediction block is a rectangular (square or non-square) block of samples on which the same prediction, inter or intra, is applied. A prediction unit (PU) of a CU may comprise a prediction block of luma samples, two corresponding prediction blocks of chroma samples, and syntax elements used to predict the prediction blocks. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a PU may comprise a single prediction block and syntax structures used to predict the prediction block. Video encoder 20 may generate predictive luma, Cb, and Cr blocks for luma, Cb, and Cr prediction blocks of each PU of the CU.

Video encoder 20 may use intra prediction or inter prediction to generate the predictive blocks for a PU. If video encoder 20 uses intra prediction to generate the predictive blocks of a PU, video encoder 20 may generate the predictive blocks of the PU based on decoded samples of the frame associated with the PU. If video encoder 20 uses inter prediction to generate the predictive blocks of a PU, video encoder 20 may generate the predictive blocks of the PU based on decoded samples of one or more frames other than the frame associated with the PU.

After video encoder 20 generates predictive luma, Cb, and Cr blocks for one or more PUs of a CU, video encoder 20 may generate a luma residual block for the CU by subtracting the CU's predictive luma blocks from its original luma coding block such that each sample in the CU's luma residual block indicates a difference between a luma sample in one of the CU's predictive luma blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU's original luma coding block. Similarly, video encoder 20 may generate a Cb residual block and a Cr residual block for the CU, respectively, such that each sample in the CU's Cb residual block indicates a difference between a Cb sample in one of the CU's predictive Cb blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU's original Cb coding block and each sample in the CU's Cr residual block may indicate a difference between a Cr sample in one of the CU's predictive Cr blocks and a corresponding sample in the CU's original Cr coding block.

Furthermore, as illustrated in FIG. 4C, video encoder 20 may use quad-tree partitioning to decompose the luma, Cb, and Cr residual blocks of a CU into one or more luma, Cb, and Cr transform blocks. A transform block is a rectangular (square or non-square) block of samples on which the same transform is applied. A transform unit (TU) of a CU may comprise a transform block of luma samples, two corresponding transform blocks of chroma samples, and syntax elements used to transform the transform block samples. Thus, each TU of a CU may be associated with a luma transform block, a Cb transform block, and a Cr transform block. In some examples, the luma transform block associated with the TU may be a sub-block of the CU's luma residual block. The Cb transform block may be a sub-block of the CU's Cb residual block. The Cr transform block may be a sub-block of the CU's Cr residual block. In monochrome pictures or pictures having three separate color planes, a TU may comprise a single transform block and syntax structures used to transform the samples of the transform block.

Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a luma transform block of a TU to generate a luma coefficient block for the TU. A coefficient block may be a two-dimensional array of transform coefficients. A transform coefficient may be a scalar quantity. Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a Cb transform block of a TU to generate a Cb coefficient block for the TU. Video encoder 20 may apply one or more transforms to a Cr transform block of a TU to generate a Cr coefficient block for the TU.

After generating a coefficient block (e.g., a luma coefficient block, a Cb coefficient block or a Cr coefficient block), video encoder 20 may quantize the coefficient block. Quantization generally refers to a process in which transform coefficients are quantized to possibly reduce the amount of data used to represent the transform coefficients, providing further compression. After video encoder 20 quantizes a coefficient block, video encoder 20 may entropy encode syntax elements indicating the quantized transform coefficients. For example, video encoder 20 may perform Context-Adaptive Binary Arithmetic Coding (CABAC) on the syntax elements indicating the quantized transform coefficients. Finally, video encoder 20 may output a bitstream that includes a sequence of bits that forms a representation of coded frames and associated data, which is either saved in storage device 32 or transmitted to destination device 14.

After receiving a bitstream generated by video encoder 20, video decoder 30 may parse the bitstream to obtain syntax elements from the bitstream. Video decoder 30 may reconstruct the frames of the video data based at least in part on the syntax elements obtained from the bitstream. The process of reconstructing the video data is generally reciprocal to the encoding process performed by video encoder 20. For example, video decoder 30 may perform inverse transforms on the coefficient blocks associated with TUs of a current CU to reconstruct residual blocks associated with the TUs of the current CU. Video decoder 30 also reconstructs the coding blocks of the current CU by adding the samples of the predictive blocks for PUs of the current CU to corresponding samples of the transform blocks of the TUs of the current CU. After reconstructing the coding blocks for each CU of a frame, video decoder 30 may reconstruct the frame.

As noted above, video coding achieves video compression using primarily two modes, i.e., intra-frame prediction (or intra-prediction) and inter-frame prediction (or inter-prediction). Palette-based coding is another coding scheme that has been adopted by many video coding standards. In palette-based coding, which may be particularly suitable for screen-generated content coding, a video coder (e.g., video encoder 20 or video decoder 30) forms a palette table of colors representing the video data of a given block. The palette table includes the most dominant (e.g., frequently used) pixel values in the given block. Pixel values that are not frequently represented in the video data of the given block are either not included in the palette table or included in the palette table as escape colors.

Each entry in the palette table includes an index for a corresponding pixel value that in the palette table. The palette indices for samples in the block may be coded to indicate which entry from the palette table is to be used to predict or reconstruct which sample. This palette mode starts with the process of generating a palette predictor for a first block of a picture, slice, tile, or other such grouping of video blocks. As will be explained below, the palette predictor for subsequent video blocks is typically generated by updating a previously used palette predictor. For illustrative purpose, it is assumed that the palette predictor is defined at a picture level. In other words, a picture may include multiple coding blocks, each having its own palette table, but there is one palette predictor for the entire picture.

To reduce the bits needed for signaling palette entries in the video bitstream, a video decoder may utilize a palette predictor for determining new palette entries in the palette table used for reconstructing a video block. For example, the palette predictor may include palette entries from a previously used palette table or even be initialized with a most recently used palette table by including all entries of the most recently used palette table. In some implementations, the palette predictor may include fewer than all the entries from the most recently used palette table and then incorporate some entries from other previously used palette tables. The palette predictor may have the same size as the palette tables used for coding different blocks or may be larger or smaller than the palette tables used for coding different blocks. In one example, the palette predictor is implemented as a first-in-first-out (FIFO) table including 64 palette entries.

To generate a palette table for a block of video data from the palette predictor, a video decoder may receive, from the encoded video bitstream, a one-bit flag for each entry of the palette predictor. The one-bit flag may have a first value (e.g., a binary one) indicating that the associated entry of the palette predictor is to be included in the palette table or a second value (e.g., a binary zero) indicating that the associated entry of the palette predictor is not to be included in the palette table. If the size of palette predictor is larger than the palette table used for a block of video data, then the video decoder may stop receiving more flags once a maximum size for the palette table is reached.

In some implementations, some entries in a palette table may be directly signaled in the encoded video bitstream instead of being determined using the palette predictor. For such entries, the video decoder may receive, from the encoded video bitstream, three separate m-bit values indicating the pixel values for the luma and two chroma components associated with the entry, where m represents the bit depth of the video data. Compared with the multiple m-bit values needed for directly signaled palette entries, those palette entries derived from the palette predictor only require a one-bit flag. Therefore, signaling some or all palette entries using the palette predictor can significantly reduce the number of bits needed to signal the entries of a new palette table, thereby improving the overall coding efficiency of palette mode coding.

In many instances, the palette predictor for one block is determined based on the palette table used to code one or more previously coded blocks. But when coding the first coding tree unit in a picture, a slice or a tile, the palette table of a previously coded block may not be available. Therefore a palette predictor cannot be generated using entries of the previously used palette tables. In such case, a sequence of palette predictor initializers may be signaled in a sequence parameter set (SPS) and/or a picture parameter set (PPS), which are values used to generate a palette predictor when a previously used palette table is not available. An SPS generally refers to a syntax structure of syntax elements that apply to a series of consecutive coded video pictures called a coded video sequence (CVS) as determined by the content of a syntax element found in the PPS referred to by a syntax element found in each slice segment header. A PPS generally refers to a syntax structure of syntax elements that apply to one or more individual pictures within a CVS as determined by a syntax element found in each slice segment header. Thus, an SPS is generally considered to be a higher level syntax structure than a PPS, meaning the syntax elements included in the SPS generally change less frequently and apply to a larger portion of video data compared to the syntax elements included in the PPS.

FIGS. 5A through 5B are block diagrams illustrating examples of applying the technique of adaptive color-space transform (ACT) to transform residuals between RGB color space and YCgCo color space in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

In the HEVC screen content coding extension, the ACT is applied to adaptively transform residuals from one color space (e.g., RGB) into another color space (e.g., YCgCo) such that the correlation (e.g., redundancy) between three color components (e.g., R, G, and B) are significantly reduced in the YCgCo color space. Further, in the existing ACT design, the adaptation of different color spaces is carried out at transform unit (TU) level by signaling one flag tu_act_enabled_flag for each TU. When the flag tu_act_enabled_flag is equal to one, it indicates that the residuals of the current TU is coded in the YCgCo space; otherwise (i.e., the flag is equal to 0), it indicates that the residuals of the current TU is coded in the original color space (i.e., without color space conversion). Additionally, depending on whether the current TU is coded in lossless mode or in lossy mode, different color space transform formulas are applied. Specifically, the forward and the inverse color space transform formulas between the RGB color space and the YCgCo color space for lossy modes are defined in FIG. 5A.

For lossless mode, the reversible version of RGB-YCgCo transform (also known as YCgCo-LS) is used. The reversible version of RGB-YCgCo transform is implemented based on lifting operations depicted in FIG. 5B and the related description.

As shown in FIG. 5A, the forward and inverse color transform matrices used in lossy mode are not normalized. Therefore, the magnitude of the YCgCo signal is smaller than that of the original signal after the color transform is applied. In order to compensate the decrease in magnitude caused by the forward color transform, an adjusted quantization parameter is applied to the residuals in the YCgCo domain. Specifically, when the color space transform is applied, the QP values QP_(Y), QP_(Cg) and QP_(Co), which are used to quantize the YCgCo domain residuals, are set to be QP-5, QP-5 and QP-3 respectively, where QP is the quantization parameter used in the original color space.

FIG. 6 is a block diagram of applying the technique of luma mapping with chroma scaling (LMCS) in an exemplary video data decoding process in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

In the VVC, LMCS is used as a new coding tool applied before the in-loop filters (e.g., the de-blocking filter, the SAO and the ALF). In general, the LMCS has two main modules: 1) in-loop mapping of the luma component based on adaptive piecewise linear models; 2) luma-dependent chroma residual scaling. FIG. 6 shows a modified decoding process with the LMCS being applied. In FIG. 6, decoding modules that are conducted in the mapped domain include the entropy decoding module, the inverse quantization module, the inverse transform module, the luma intra prediction module, and the luma sample reconstruction module (i.e., the addition of the luma prediction samples and the luma residual samples). The decoding modules that are conducted in the original (i.e., non-mapped) domain include the motion compensated prediction module, the chroma intra prediction module, the chroma sample reconstruction module (i.e., the addition of the chroma prediction samples and the chroma residual samples), and all the in-loop filter modules such as the deblocking module, the SAO module, and the ALF module. The new operational modules introduced by the LMCS include the forward mapping module 610 of luma samples, the inverse mapping module 620 of luma samples, and the chroma residual scaling module 630.

The in-loop mapping of the LMCS can adjust the dynamic range of the input signal to improve the coding efficiency. The in-loop mapping of the luma samples in the existing LMCS design is built upon two mapping functions: one forward mapping function FwdMap and one corresponding inverse mapping function InvMap. The forward mapping function is signaled from encoder to decoder using one piecewise linear model with sixteen equal-size pieces. The inverse mapping function can be directly derived from the forward mapping function and therefore does not need to be signaled.

The parameters of luma mapping model are signaled at slice level. A presence flag is firstly signaled to indicate if luma mapping model is to be signaled for a current slice. If luma mapping model is present in the current slice, the corresponding piecewise linear model parameters are further signaled. Additionally, at slice level, another LMCS control flag is signaled to enable/disable the LMCS for the slice.

Chroma residual scaling module 630 is designed to compensate for the interaction of quantization precision between the luma signal and its corresponding chroma signals when the in-loop mapping is applied to the luma signal. It is also signaled in the slice header whether chroma residual scaling is enabled or disabled for the current slice. If luma mapping is enabled, an additional flag is signaled to indicate if luma-dependent chroma residual scaling is applied or not. When luma mapping is not used, luma-dependent chroma residual scaling is always disabled and no additional flag is required. Additionally, the chroma residual scaling is always disabled for the CUs that contain less than or equal to four chroma samples.

FIG. 7 is a block diagram illustrating an exemplary video decoding process by which a video decoder implements the technique of inverse adaptive color-space transform (ACT) in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

Similar to the ACT design in the HEVC SCC, the ACT in VVC converts the intra/inter prediction residuals of one CU in 4:4:4 chroma format from an original color space (e.g., RGB color space) into YCgCo color space. As a result, the redundancy between three color components can be reduced for better coding efficiency. FIG. 7 depicts the decoding flowchart in which how the inverse ACT is applied in the VVC framework through the addition of the inverse ACT module 710. When processing a CU encoded with the ACT being enabled, the entropy decoding, the inverse quantization and the inverse DCT/DST-based transform first apply to the CU. After that, as depicted in FIG. 7, the inverse ACT is invoked to convert the decoded residuals from YCgCo color space to the original color space (e.g., RGB and YCbCr). Additionally, because the ACT in lossy mode are not normalized, the QP adjustments of (−5, −5, −3) are applied to Y, Cg and Co components to compensate the changed magnitude of transformed residuals.

In some embodiments, the ACT method reuses the same ACT core transforms of the HEVC to do the color conversion between different color spaces. Specifically, two different versions of color transforms are applied depending on whether a current CU is coded in lossy or lossless manner. The forward and inverse color transforms for lossy case use the irreversible YCgCo transform matrix as depicted in FIG. 5A. For the lossless case, the reversible color transform YCgCo-LS as shown in FIG. 5B is applied. Moreover, different from the existing ACT design, the following changes are introduced to the proposed ACT scheme to handle its interaction with the other coding tools in the VVC standard.

For example, because the residuals of one CU in the HEVC may be partitioned into multiple TUs, the ACT control flag is separately signaled for each TU to indicate whether the color space conversion needs to be applied or not. However, as described above in connection with FIG. 4E, one quadtree nested with binary and ternary partition structure is applied in the VVC to replace the multiple partition type concept, thus removing the separate CU, PU and TU partitions in the HEVC. This means that in most cases one CU leaf node is also used as the unit of prediction and transform processing without further partition, unless the maximum supported transform size is smaller than the width or height of one component of the CU. Based on such partition structure, it is proposed in this disclosure to adaptively enable and disable the ACT at CU level. Specifically, one flag cu_act_enabled_flag is signaled for each CU to select between the original color space and the YCgCo color space for coding the residuals of the CU. If the flag is equal to 1, it indicates that the residuals of all the TUs within the CU are coded in the YCgCo color space. Otherwise, if the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is equal to 0, all the residuals of the CU are coded in the original color space.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart 800 illustrating an exemplary process by which a video decoder decodes video data by conditionally performing the technique of inverse adaptive color-space transform (ACT) in accordance with some implementations of the present disclosure.

As depicted in FIG. 5A and FIG. 5B, the ACT can only affect the decoded residuals when the current CU contains at least one non-zero coefficient. If all the coefficients obtained from entropy decoding are zeros, the reconstructed residuals remain zeros with or without the inverse ACT being applied. For inter mode and intra block copy (IBC) mode, the information on whether one CU contains non-zero coefficients or not is indicated by the CU root coded block flag (CBF), i.e., Cu_cbf When the flag is equal to one, it means that the residual syntax elements are present in the video bitstream for the current CU. Otherwise (i.e., the flag is equal to 0), it means that the residual syntax elements of the current CU will not be signaled in the video bitstream or stated differently, all the residuals of the CU are inferred to be zero. Therefore, in some embodiments, it is proposed that the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is signaled only when the root CBF flag cu_cbf of the current CU is equal to one for inter and IBC modes. Otherwise (i.e., the flag Cu_cbf is equal to 0), the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is not signaled and the ACT is disabled for decoding the residuals of the current CU. On the other hand, different from inter and IBC modes, the root CBF flag is not signaled for intra mode, i.e., no flag of cu_cbf can be used to condition the presence of the flag cu_act_enabled_flag for intra CUs. Conversely, it is proposed to use the ACT flag to conditionally enable/disable the CBF signaling of the luma component when the ACT is applied to one intra CU. For example, for one intra CU using the ACT, the decoder assumes that at least one component contains non-zero coefficients. Therefore, when the ACT is enabled for one intra CU and there are no non-zero residuals existing in its transform blocks except its very last transform block, the CBF for its very last transform block is inferred to be one without signaling. For an intra CU that contains just one TU, if the CBFs for its two chroma components (as indicated by tu_cbf_cb and tu_cbf_cr) are zero, the CBF flag of the last component (i.e., tu_cbf_luma) is always inferred to be one without signaling. In one embodiment, such inference rule of luma CBF is only enabled for the intra CU which contain only one single TU for residual coding.

To conditionally perform inverse ACT on a coding unit, the video decoder first receives, from bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit (e.g., encoded in 4:4:4 format), wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode (810).

Next, from the video data, the video decoder receives a first syntax element (e.g., CU root coded block flag, cu_cbf), wherein the first syntax element indicates whether the coding unit has any non-zero residuals (820).

If the first syntax element has a non-zero value (e.g., 1, indicating residual syntax elements exist in the bitstream for the coding unit) (830): the video decoder then receives a second syntax element (e.g., cu_act_enabled_flag) from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether the coding unit has been encoded using adaptive color-space transform (ACT) (830-1).

On the other hand, if the first syntax element has a zero value (e.g., 0, indicating residual syntax elements do not exist in the bitstream for the coding unit) (840): the video decoder assigns the zero value to the second syntax element (e.g., set cu_act_enabled_flag to 0) (840-1).

The video decoder then determines whether or not to perform inverse ACT on the video data of the coding unit in accordance with a value of the second syntax element (e.g., if the second syntax element has zero value, forgoing performing the inverse ACT; if the second syntax element has non-zero value, performing the inverse ACT. The value of the second syntax element can be either received from the video data or assigned based on the described logic above) (850).

In some embodiments, the coding unit is encoded in a 4:4:4 chroma format, where each of the components (e.g., luma and two chroma) has the same sample rate.

In some embodiments, the first syntax element having the zero value indicates that residual syntax elements do not exist in the bitstream for the coding unit, and the first syntax element having the non-zero value indicates the residual syntax elements exist in the bitstream for the coding unit.

In some embodiments, the first syntax element includes cu_cbf flag, and the second syntax element includes cu_act_enabled_flag.

In some embodiments, when the coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode, the video decoder conditionally receives syntax elements (e.g., tu_cbf_y) for decoding the luma component of a coding unit.

To conditionally receive syntax elements for decoding the luma component, the video decoder first receives, from bitstream, video data corresponding to the coding unit. The coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode and the coding unit includes a first chroma component, a second chroma component, and one luma component. In some embodiments, the coding unit includes only one transform unit.

Next, the video decoder receives a first syntax element (e.g., cu_act_enabled_flag) from the video data indicating whether the coding unit has been encoded using ACT. For example, cu_act_enabled_flag equal to “1” indicates that the coding unit has been encoded using ACT, and cu_act_enabled_flag equal to “0” indicates that the coding unit is not encoded using ACT (e.g., so no inverse ACT needs to be performed).

After receiving the first syntax element from the video data, the video decoder receives a second syntax element (e.g., tu_cbf_cb) and a third syntax element (e.g., tu_cbf_cr) from the video data wherein the second syntax element indicates whether the first chroma component has any non-zero residuals and the third syntax element indicates whether the second chroma component has any non-zero residuals. For example, tu_cbf_cb or tu_cbf_cr equal to “1” indicates that the first chroma component or the second chroma component has at least one non-zero residual, respectively, and tu_cbf_cb or tu_cbf_cr equal to “0” indicates that the first chroma component or the second chroma component does not have any non-zero residual, respectively.

If the first syntax element has a non-zero value (e.g., 1, indicating inverse ACT is to be performed) and that at least one of the two chroma components includes non-zero residuals (e.g., tu_cbf_cb==1 or tu_cbf_cr==1): the video decoder receives a fourth syntax element (e.g., tu_cbf_y) from the video data, wherein the fourth syntax element indicates whether the luma component has any non-zero residuals or not.

On the other hand, if the first syntax element has the non-zero value and both the chroma components have only zero residuals (e.g., tu_cbf_cb==0 and tu_cbf_cr==0): the video decoder assigns a default value (e.g., a non-zero value) to the fourth syntax element indicating that the luma component has non-zero residuals. As a result, the video decoder no longer receives the value for the fourth syntax element from the video data.

After determining the value for the fourth syntax element (e.g., either by receiving the value from the video data, or assigning the default non-zero value to the fourth syntax element), the video decoder determines whether or not to reconstruct the coding unit from the video data in accordance with the fourth syntax element.

In some embodiments, the coding unit includes only one transform unit (TU).

In some embodiments, determining whether or not to reconstruct the coding unit from the video data in accordance with the fourth syntax element includes: in accordance with a determination that the fourth syntax element has a non-zero value, reconstructing the residuals of the luma component; and in accordance with a determination that the fourth syntax element has zero value, forgoing reconstructing the residuals of the luma component.

Given the strong correlation between three components of 4:4:4 videos, the intra modes that are used to predict luma and chroma components are often identical for a given coding block. Therefore, it is proposed to enable the ACT for one intra CU only when its chroma component use the same intra prediction mode (i.e., DM mode) as the luma component to reduce the ACT signaling overhead. In some embodiments, there are two methods for conditionally signaling the ACT enabling/disabling flag and the chroma intra prediction mode. In one embodiment of the disclosure, it is proposed to signal the ACT enabling/disabling flag before the intra prediction mode signaling of one intra CU. In other words, when the ACT flag (i.e., cu_act_enabled_flag) is equal to one, the intra prediction mode of the chroma components is not signaled but inferred to be DM mode (i.e., reusing the same intra prediction mode of luma component). Otherwise (i.e., cu_act_enabled_flag is zero), the intra prediction mode of the chroma components are still signaled. In another embodiment of the disclosure, it is proposed to signal the ACT enabling/disabling flag after the signaling of intra prediction mode. In this case, the ACT flag cu_act_enabled_flag needs to be signaled only when the value of the parsed chroma intra prediction mode is DM mode. Otherwise (i.e., the chroma intra prediction mode is unequal to DM), the flag cu_act_enabled_flag does not need to be signaled and inferred as 0. In yet another embodiment, it is proposed to enable the ACT for all possible chroma intra modes. If such a method is applied, the flag cu_act_enabled_flag will be always signaled regardless of the chroma intra prediction mode.

To conditionally signal the ACT enabling/disabling flag and the chroma intra prediction mode, the video decoder first receives, from bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode and the coding unit includes two chroma components and one luma component.

The video decoder then receives a first syntax element (e.g., cu_act_enabled_flag) from the video data indicating the coding unit has been encoded using ACT.

The video decoder next receives a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element represents an intra prediction parameter (e.g., that represents one of the 67 intra-prediction directions) of the luma component of the coding unit.

If the second syntax element has a non-zero value indicating that the coding unit has been encoded using ACT: the video decoder reconstructs the two chroma components of the coding unit by applying the same intra-prediction parameter of the luma component of the coding unit to the two chroma components of the coding unit.

In some embodiments, the intra prediction parameter indicates an intra prediction direction that is applied to generate intra prediction samples of the coding unit.

When the ACT is enabled for one CU, it needs to access the residuals of all three components to do the color space conversion. However, as mentioned earlier, the VVC design cannot guarantee that each CU always contain the information of three components. In some embodiments of the disclosure, when a CU does not contain the information of all three components, the ACT should be disabled.

First, when separate-tree (also known as “dual-tree”) partition structure is applied, the luma and chroma samples inside one CTU are partitioned into CUs based on separate partition structures. As a result, the CUs in the luma partition tree only contain the coding information of luma component and the CUs in the chroma partition tree only contain the coding information of two chroma components. The switch between single-tree and separate-tree partition structures happens at various levels, e.g., sequence level, picture level, slice level and coding unit group level and so forth. Therefore, when it is found that the separate-tree is applied to one region, the ACT is inferred to be disabled for all the CUs within the region (both the luma CUs and chroma CUs) without signaling the ACT flag which is inferred to be zero instead.

Second, when the ISP mode is enabled, the TU partition is only applied to luma samples while the chroma samples are coded without further splitting into multiple TUs. Assuming N is the number of ISP sub-partitions (i.e., TUs) for one intra CU, according to the current ISP design, only the last TU contains both luma and chroma components while the first N-1 ISP TUs are composed of only luma component. According to an embodiment of the disclosure, ACT is disabled under ISP mode. There are two ways to disable the ACT for the ISP mode. In the first method, it is proposed to signal the ACT enabling/disabling flag (i.e. cu_act_enabled_flag) before signaling the syntax of ISP mode. In such case, when the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is equal to one, the ISP mode will not be signaled in bitstream but always inferred to be zero (i.e. switched off). In the second method, it is proposed to use the ISP mode signaling to bypass the signaling of the ACT flag. Specifically, in this method, the ISP mode is signaled prior to the flag cu_act_enabled_flag. When the ISP mode is selected, the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is not signaled and inferred to be zero. Otherwise (the ISP mode is not selected), the flag cu_act_enabled_flag will be still signaled to adaptively select the color space for the residual coding of the CU.

In addition to disabling the ACT for the CUs where luma and chroma partition structure are misaligned, it is also proposed in this disclosure to disable the LMCS for the CUs where the ACT is applied. In one embodiment, it is proposed to disable both luma mapping and chroma residual scaling when one CU select YCgCo color space to code its residuals (i.e., the ACT is one). In another embodiment, when the ACT is enabled for one CU, it is proposed to only disable chroma residual scaling while luma mapping can still be applied to adjust the dynamic range of output luma samples. In the last embodiment, it is proposed to enable both luma mapping and chroma residual scaling for the CUs which applies the ACT for coding its residuals.

To disable ACT signaling due to dual-tree partition structure, the video decoder obtain, from bitstream, the information indicating whether coding units in the video data are encoded by a single-tree partition or a dual-tree partition.

If the coding units are encoded using a single-tree partition wherein each coding unit contains both luma and chroma components: the video decoder receives from the video data, a second syntax element (e.g., cu_act_enabled_flag), wherein a value of the first syntax element indicates whether or not to perform inverse adaptive color-space transform (ACT) to each coding unit.

On the other hand, if the coding units are encoded using a dual-tree partition, wherein coding units in luma partition tree of the dual-tree partition only include coding information related to luma component of the coding units, and coding units in chroma partition tree of the dual-tree partition only include coding information related to chroma components of the coding units: the video decoder assigns a zero value to the second syntax element.

The video decoder then determines whether or not to perform inverse ACT to each coding unit in the coding tree unit in accordance with the second syntax element.

In some embodiments, determining whether or not to perform inverse ACT to each coding unit in the coding tree unit in accordance with the second syntax element includes: in accordance with a determination that the second syntax element has a non-zero value, performing the inverse ACT on each coding unit; and in accordance with a determination that the second syntax element has zero value, forgoing performing the inverse ACT on each coding unit.

In some embodiments, to disable ISP mode due to ACT signaling, the video decoder first receives, from bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit. Next, the video decoder receives a first syntax element (e.g., cu_act_enabled_flag) from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether the coding unit is encoded using ACT. If the first syntax element has a zero value, the video decoder receives a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether the coding unit is encoded using ISP mode. If the first syntax element has a non-zero value: the video decoder assigns a zero value to the second syntax element, indicating that the coding unit is not encoded using the ISP mode. The video decoder then determines whether or not to reconstruct the coding unit from the video data using the ISP mode in accordance with the second syntax element. In the current VVC, when the ISP mode is enabled, the TU partition is only applied to luma samples while the chroma samples are coded without further splitting into multiple TUs. According to an embodiment of the disclosure, due to abundant texture information in chroma planes, it is proposed to also enable the ISP mode for chroma coding in 4:4:4 videos. Different methods may be used based on this embodiment. In one method, one additional ISP index is signaled and shared by two chroma components. In another method, it is proposed to separately signal two additional ISP indices, one for Cb/B and the other for Cr/R. In the third method, it is proposed to reuse the ISP index that is used for luma components for the ISP prediction of the two chroma components.

Matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) method is an intra prediction technique. For predicting the samples of a rectangular block of width W and height H, MIP takes one line of H reconstructed neighboring boundary samples left of the block and one line of W reconstructed neighbouring boundary samples above the block as input. If the reconstructed samples are unavailable, they are generated as it is done in the conventional intra prediction. The generation of the prediction signal is based on the following three steps, which are averaging, matrix vector multiplication and linear interpolation.

In the current VVC, the MIP mode is only enabled for luma components. Due to the same reasons of enabling ISP mode for chroma components, in one embodiment, it is proposed to enable the MIP for chroma components for 444 videos. Two signaling methods may be applied. In the first method, it is proposed to separately signal two MIP modes, one used for luma component and the other used for two chroma components. In the second method, it is proposed to only signal one single MIP mode which is shared by luma and chroma components.

To enable MIP for chroma components in 4:4:4 chroma format, the video decoder receives, from bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode and the coding unit includes two chroma components and one luma component, and the chroma components and the luma components have same resolution. Next, the video decoder receives a first syntax element (e.g., intra_mip_flag) from the video data indicating that the luma component of the coding unit has been encoded using MIP tool. If the first syntax element has a non-zero value indicating that the luma component of the coding unit has been encoded using the MIP tool: the video decoder receives a second syntax element (e.g., intra_mip_mode) from the video data indicating an MIP mode that is applied to the luma components of the coding unit; and reconstructs the two chroma components of the coding unit by applying the MIP mode of the luma component of the coding unit to the two chroma components of the coding unit. The following tables illustrate the syntax design specification for decoding video data using ACT in VVC.

First, one additional syntax element, e.g., sps_act_enabled_flag, is added to the sequence parameter set (SPS) to indicate if the ACT is enabled or not at the sequence level. In some embodiments, if the color space conversion is applied to video content whose luma and chroma components have the same resolution, one bitstream conformance requirement needs to be added such that the ACT can be enabled only for 4:4:4 chroma format. Table 1 illustrates the modified SPS syntax table with the above syntax added.

TABLE 1 Modified SPS syntax table seq_parameter_set_rbsp( ) { Descriptor  ...  sps_act_enabled_flag u(1)  ... }

The flag sps_act_enabled_flag equal to 1 indicates adaptive color-space transform is enabled. The flag sps_act_enabled_flag equal to 0 indicates that adaptive color-space transform is disabled and the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is not signaled for the CUs that refers to the SPS and inferred to be 0. When ChromaArrayType is not equal to 3, it is a requirement of bitstream conformance that the value of sps_act_enabled_flag shall be equal to 0.

coding_unit( x0, y0, cbWidth, cbHeight, cqtDepth, treeType, modeType ) { Descriptor  chType = treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA? 1 : 0  if( slice_type != I ∥ sps_ibc_enabled_flag ∥ sps_palette_enabled_flag) {   if( treeType != DUAL_TREE_CHROMA &&    !( ( ( cbWidth = = 4 && cbHeight = = 4 ) ∥ modeType = = MODE_TYPE_INTRA )      && !sps_ibc_enabled_flag ) )     cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if( cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 && slice_type != I    && !( cbWidth = = 4 && cbHeight = = 4 ) && modeType = = MODE_TYPE_ALL )     pred_mode_flag ae(v)   if( ( ( slice_type = = I && cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = =0 ) ∥        ( slice_type !=I && ( CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] != MODE_INTRA ∥         ( cbWidth = = 4 && cbHeight = = 4 && cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 ) ) ) ) &&      cbWidth <= 64 && cbHeight <= 64 && modeType != MODE_TYPE_INTER &&      sps_ibc_enabled_flag && treeType != DUAL_TREE_CHROMA )     pred_mode_ibc_flag ae(v)   if( ( ( ( slice_type = = I ∥ ( cbWidth = = 4 && cbHeight = = 4 ) ∥ sps_ibc_enabled_flag ) &&          CuPredMode[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_INTRA ) ∥        ( slice_type != I && !( cbWidth = = 4 && cbHeight = = 4 ) && !sps_ibc_enabled_flag         && CuPredMode[ x0 ][ y0 ] != MODE_INTRA ) ) && sps_palette_enabled_flag &&       cbWidth <= 64 && cbHeight <= 64 && && cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&       modeType != MODE_INTER )     pred_mode_plt_flag ae(v)  }  if( CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] == MODE_INTRA )      cu_act_enabled_flag ae(v)  if( CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_INTRA ∥   CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_PLT ) {   if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE ∥ treeType = = DUAL_TREE_LUMA ) {     if( pred_mode_plt_flag ) {       if( treeType = = DUAL _TREE_LUMA )        palette_coding( x0, y0, cbWidth, cbHeight, 0, 1 )       else  /* SINGLE_TREE */        palette_coding( x0, y0, cbWidth, cbHeight, 0, 3 )      } else {       if( sps_bdpcm_enabled_flag &&        cbWidth <= MaxTsSize && cbHeight <= MaxTsSize )        intra_bdpcm_flag ae(v)       if( intra_bdpcm_flag )        intra_bdpcm_dir_flag ae(v)       else {        if( sps_mip_enabled_flag &&         ( Abs( Log2( cbWidth ) − Log2( cbHeight ) ) <= 2 ) &&          cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY )         intra_mip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)        if( intra_mip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )         intra_mip_mode[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)        else {         if( sps_mrl_enabled flag && ( ( y0 % CtbSizeY ) > 0 ) )          intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)         if ( sps_isp_enabled_flag && intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&          ( cbWidth <= MaxTbSizeY && cbHeight <= MaxTbSizeY ) &&          ( cbWidth * cbHeight > MinTbSizeY * MinTbSizeY ) && !cu_act_enabled_flag)          intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)         if( intra_subpartitions_mode_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 )          intra_subpartitions_split_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)         if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 )          intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)         if( intra_luma_mpm_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {          if( intra_luma_ref_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 )           intra_luma_not_planar_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)          if( intra_luma_not_planar_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )           intra_luma_mpm_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)         } else          intra_luma_mpm_remainder[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)        }       }     }   }   if( ( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE ∥ treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) &&       ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {     if ( pred_mode_plt_flag && treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA )       palette_coding( x0, y0, cbWidth / SubWidthC, cbHeight / SubHeightC, 1, 2 )     else {            if( !cu_act_enabled_flag ) {       if( CclmEnabled )        cclm_mode_flag ae(v)       if( cclm_mode_flag )        cclm_mode_idx ae(v)       else        intra_chroma_pred_mode ae(v)            }     }   }  } else if( treeType != DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) { /* MODE_INTER or MODE_IBC */   if( cu_skip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 )     general_merge_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if( general_merge_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {     merge_data( x0, y0, cbWidth, cbHeight, chType )   } else if ( CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_IBC ) {     mvd_coding( x0, y0, 0, 0 )     if( MaxNumIbcMergeCand > 1 )       mvp_l0_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     if( sps_amvr_enabled_flag &&       ( MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] != 0 ) ) {       amvr_precision_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     }   } else {     if( slice_type = = B )       inter_pred_idc[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     if( sps_affine_enabled_flag && cbWidth >= 16 && cbHeight >= 16) {       inter_affine_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)       if( sps_affine_type_flag && inter_affine_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )        cu_affine_type_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     }     if( sps_smvd_enabled_flag && !mvd_l1_zero_flag &&       inter_pred_idc[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = PRED_BI &&       !inter_affine_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] && RefIdxSymL0 > −1 && RefIdxSymL1 > −1 )       sym_mvd_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     if( inter_pred_idc[ x0 ][ y0 ] != PRED_L1 ) {       if( NumRefIdxActive[ 0 ] > 1 && !sym_mvd_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )        ref_idx_l0[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)       mvd_coding( x0, y0, 0, 0 )       if( MotionModelIdc[ x0 ][ y0 ] > 0 )        mvd_coding( x0, y0, 0, 1 )       if(MotionModelIdc[ x0 ][ y0 ] > 1 )        mvd_coding( x0, y0, 0, 2 )       mvp_l0_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     } else {       MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] = 0       MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] = 0     }     if( inter_pred_idc[ x0 ][ y0 ] != PRED_L0 ) {       if( NumRefIdxActive[ 1 ] > 1 && !sym_mvd_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )        ref idx_l1[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)       if( mvd_l1_zero_flag && inter_pred_idc[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = PRED_BI ) {        MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] = 0        MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] = 0        MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ][ 0 ] = 0        MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ][ 1 ] = 0        MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ][ 0 ] = 0        MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ][ 1 ] = 0        MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 2 ][ 0 ] = 0        MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 2 ][ 1 ] = 0       } else {        if( sym_mvd_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {         MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] = −MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ]         MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] = −MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ]        } else         mvd_coding( x0, y0, 1, 0)        if( MotionModelIdc[ x0 ][ y0 ] > 0 )         mvd_coding( x0, y0, 1, 1 )        if(MotionModelIdc[ x0 ][ y0 ] > 1 )         mvd_coding( x0, y0, 1, 2 )        mvp_l1_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)       }     } else {       MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] = 0       MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] = 0     }     if( ( sps_amvr_enabled_flag && inter_affine_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 &&        ( MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] != 0 ∥         MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ] != 0 ) ) ∥        ( sps_affine_amvr_enabled_flag && inter_affine_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 1 &&        ( MvdCpL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdCpL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ][ 1 ] != 0 ∥         MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 0 ][ 1 ] != 0 ∥         MvdCpL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdCpL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ][ 1 ] != 0 ∥         MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 1 ][ 1 ] != 0 ∥         MvdCpL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 2 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdCpL0[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 2][ 1 ] != 0 ∥         MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 2 ][ 0 ] != 0 ∥ MvdCpL1[ x0 ][ y0 ][ 2 ][ 1 ] != 0 ) ) {       amvr_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)       if( amvr_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] )        amvr_precision_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)     }       if( sps_bcw_enabled_flag &&  inter_pred_idc[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = PRED_BI &&        luma_weight_l0_flag[ ref_idx_l0 [ x0 ][ y0 ] ] = = 0 &&        luma_weight_l1_flag[ ref_idx_l1 [ x0 ][ y0 ] ] = = 0 &&        chroma_weight_l0_flag[ ref_idx_l0 [ x0 ][ y0 ] ] = = 0 &&        chroma_weight_l1_flag[ ref_idx_l1 [ x0 ][ y0 ] ] = = 0 &&        cbWidth * cbHeight >= 256 )       bcw_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   }  }  if( CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] != MODE_INTRA && !pred_mode_plt_flag &&   general_merge_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 )   cu_cbf ae(v)  if( cu_cbf ) {   if( CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_INTER && sps_sbt_enabled_flag       && !ciip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] && !MergeTriangleFlag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ) {     if( cbWidth <= MaxSbtSize && cbHeight <= MaxSbtSize ) {       allowSbtVerH = cbWidth >= 8       allowSbtVerQ = cbWidth >= 16       allowSbtHorH = cbHeight >= 8       allowSbtHorQ = cbHeight >= 16       if( allowSbtVerH ∥ allowSbtHorH ∥  allowSbtVerQ ∥ allowSbtHorQ )        cu_sbt_flag ae(v)     }     if( cu_sbt_flag ) {       if( ( allowSbtVerH ∥ allowSbtHorH ) && ( allowSbtVerQ ∥ allowSbtHorQ) )        cu_sbt_quad_flag ae(v)       if( ( cu_sbt_quad_flag && allowSbtVerQ && allowSbtHorQ ) ∥         ( !cu_sbt_quad flag && allowSbtVerH && allowSbtHorH ) )        cu_sbt_horizontal_flag ae(v)       cu_sbt_pos_flag ae(v)     }          if( sps_act_enabled_flag && CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] != MODE_INTRA )           cu_act_enabled_flag ae(v)   }   LfnstDcOnly = 1   LfnstZeroOutSigCoeffFlag = 1   transform_tree( x0, y0, cbWidth, cbHeight, treeType )   lfnstWidth = ( treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) ? cbWidth / SubWidthC           : cbWidth   lfnstHeight = ( treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) ? cbHeight / SubHeightC           : cbHeight   if( Min( lfnstWidth, lfnstHeight ) >= 4 && sps_lfnst_enabled_flag = = 1 &&     CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_INTRA &&     IntraSubPartitionsSplitType = = ISP_NO_SPLIT &&     ( !intra_mip_flag[ x0 ][ y0 ] ∥ Min( lfnstWidth, lfnstHeight ) >= 16) &&     tu_mts_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] = = 0 && Max( cbWidth, cbHeight ) <= MaxTbSizeY) {     if( LfnstDcOnly = = 0 && LfnstZeroOutSigCoeffFlag = = 1 )       lfnst_idx[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   }  }

The flag cu_act_enabled_flag equal to 1 indicates that the residuals of the coding unit are coded in YCgCo color space. The flag cu_act_enabled_flag equal to 0 indicates that the residuals of the coding unit are coded in original color space. When the flag cu_act_enabled_flag is not present, it is inferred to be equal to 0.

transform_unit( x0, y0, tbWidth, tbHeight, treeType, subTuIndex, chType ) { Descriptor  if( ( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE ∥ treeType = = DUAL_TREE_CHROMA ) &&     ChromaArrayType != 0 ) {   if( ( IntraSubPartitionsSplitType = = ISP_NO_SPLIT && !( cu_sbt_flag  &&      ( ( subTuIndex = = 0 && cu_sbt_pos flag ) ∥       ( subTuIndex = = 1 && !cu_sbt_pos flag ) ) ) ) ∥    ( IntraSubPartitionsSplitType != ISP_NO_SPLIT &&     ( subTuIndex = = NumIntraSubPartitions − 1 ) ) ) {    tu_cbf_cb[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)    tu_cbf_cr[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   }  }  if( treeType = = SINGLE_TREE ∥ treeType = = DUAL_TREE LUMA ) {   if( ( IntraSubPartitionsSplitType = = ISP_NO_SPLIT && !( cu_sbt_flag &&      ( ( subTuIndex = = 0 && cu_sbt_pos_flag ) ∥       ( subTuIndex = = 1 && !cu_sbt_pos flag ) ) ) &&      ( (CuPredMode[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] = = MODE_INTRA && (!cu_act_enabled_flag ∥        tu_cbf_cb[ x0 ][ y0 ] ∥ tu_cbf_cr[ x0 ][ y0 ] )) ∥       tu_cbf_cb[ x0 ][ y0 ] ∥ tu_cbf_cr[ x0 ][ y0 ] ∥       CbWidth[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] > MaxTbSizeY ∥       CbHeight[ chType ][ x0 ][ y0 ] > MaxTbSizeY ) ) ∥    ( IntraSubPartitionsSplitType != ISP_NO_SPLIT &&    ( subTuIndex < NumIntraSubPartitions − 1 ∥ !InferTuCbfLuma ) ) )    tu_cbf_luma[ x0 ][ y0 ] ae(v)   if (IntraSubPartitionsSplitType != ISP_NO_SPLIT )    InferTuCbfLuma = InferTuCbfLuma && !tu_cbf_luma[ x0 ][ y0 ]  }

An exemplary method of decoding video data is provided. The method may comprise: receiving, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; determining a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether a transform tree structure is present for the coding unit, wherein the transform tree structure contains residual data; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: determining a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; performing the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise determining not to perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value, assigning a zero value to the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded with the ACT in a lossy manner.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded with the ACT in a lossless manner.

In an embodiment, the ACT may be from YCgCo color space to RGB color space.

In an embodiment, the ACT may be from YCgCo color space to YCbCr color space.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded in a 4:4:4 chroma format.

In an embodiment, the first syntax element having the zero value may indicate that the transform tree structure is not present for the coding unit, and the first syntax element having the non-zero value may indicate the transform tree structure is present for the coding unit.

In an embodiment, the second syntax element may be cu_act_enabled_flag, which is a CU-level flag.

An exemplary electronic apparatus is provided. The exemplary electronic apparatus may comprise: one or more processing units; memory coupled to the one or more processing units; and a plurality of programs stored in the memory that, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to: receive, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; determine a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether a transform tree structure is present for the coding unit, wherein the transform tree structure contains residual data; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: determine a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, may cause the electronic apparatus to: determine not to perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, may cause the electronic apparatus to: in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value, assign a zero value to the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded with the ACT in a lossy manner.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded with the ACT in a lossless manner.

In an embodiment, the ACT may be from YCgCo color space to RGB color space.

In an embodiment, the ACT may be from YCgCo color space to YCbCr color space.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded in a 4:4:4 chroma format.

In an embodiment, the first syntax element having the zero value may indicate that the transform tree structure is not present for the coding unit, and the first syntax element having the non-zero value may indicate the transform tree structure is present for the coding unit.

In an embodiment, the second syntax element may be cu_act_enabled_flag, which is a CU-level flag.

An exemplary non-transitory computer readable storage medium is provided. The exemplary non-transitory computer readable storage medium may store a plurality of programs for execution by an electronic apparatus having one or more processing units, wherein the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to: receive, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; determine a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether a transform tree structure is present for the coding unit, wherein the transform tree structure contains residual data; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: determine a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, may cause the electronic apparatus to: determine not to perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, may cause the electronic apparatus to: in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value, assign a zero value to the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded with the ACT in a lossy manner.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded with the ACT in a lossless manner.

In an embodiment, the ACT may be from YCgCo color space to RGB color space.

In an embodiment, the ACT may be from YCgCo color space to YCbCr color space.

In an embodiment, the coding unit may be encoded in a 4:4:4 chroma format.

In an embodiment, the first syntax element having the zero value may indicate that the transform tree structure is not present for the coding unit, and the first syntax element having the non-zero value may indicate the transform tree structure is present for the coding unit.

In an embodiment, the second syntax element may be cu_act_enabled_flag, which is a CU-level flag.

The disclosure herein further provides a method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode and the coding unit has a first chroma component, a second chroma component, and one luma component; determining a first syntax element from the video data; determining a second syntax element and a third syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether a first transform block for the first chroma component has any non-zero residual data and the third syntax element indicates whether a second transform block for the second chroma component has any non-zero residual data; in response to the first syntax element having a non-zero value and at least one of the first and second transform blocks including non-zero residual data: determining a fourth syntax element from the video data, wherein the fourth syntax element indicates whether a third transform block for the luma component has any non-zero residual data; reconstructing the coding unit from the video data in accordance with the fourth syntax element.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise in response to the first syntax element having the non-zero value and both the first and second transform blocks including only zero residual data: assigning a non-zero value to the fourth syntax element indicating that the third transform block has non-zero residual data.

In an embodiment, the first syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit.

In an embodiment, the coding unit includes only one transform unit (TU).

In an embodiment, the reconstructing the coding unit from the video data in accordance with the fourth syntax element includes: in accordance with a determination that the fourth syntax element has a non-zero value, reconstructing the luma component; and in accordance with a determination that the fourth syntax element has a zero value, forgoing reconstructing the luma component.

The disclosure herein further provides a method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode and the coding unit has two chroma components and one luma component; determining a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; determining a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element represents an intra prediction parameter of the luma component of the coding unit; and in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value indicating that the ACT is applied for the coding unit: applying the same intra-prediction parameter of the luma component of the coding unit to the two chroma components of the coding unit.

In an embodiment, the intra prediction parameter indicates an intra prediction direction that is applied to generate intra prediction samples of the coding unit.

The disclosure herein further provides a method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, a first syntax element indicating whether coding units in the video data are encoded by a single-tree partition or a dual-tree partition, wherein each coding unit contains both luma and chroma components; in accordance with a determination that the coding units are encoded using a single-tree partition: determining, from the video data, a second syntax element, wherein a value of the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for each coding unit; and performing the ACT on the coding units in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise in accordance with a determination that the coding units are encoded using a dual-tree partition, wherein coding units in luma partition tree of the dual-tree partition only include coding information related to luma component of the coding units, and coding units in chroma partition tree of the dual-tree partition only include coding information related to chroma components of the coding units: assigning a zero value to the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise forgoing performing the ACT on the coding units, in accordance with a determination that the second syntax element has a zero value.

The disclosure herein further provides a method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit; determining a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value: determining a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether the coding unit is encoded using intra sub-partition prediction (ISP) mode; and reconstructing the coding unit from the video data using the ISP mode in accordance with the non-zero value of the second syntax element.

In an embodiment, the method may comprise in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: assigning a zero value to the second syntax element, indicating that the coding unit is not encoded using the ISP mode.

The disclosure herein further provides a method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in intra prediction mode and the coding unit includes two chroma components and one luma component, and the chroma components and the luma components have same resolution; determining a first syntax element from the video data indicating that the luma component of the coding unit has been encoded using matrix weighted intra prediction (MIP) tool; and in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value indicating that the luma component of the coding unit has been encoded using the MIP tool: determining a second syntax element from the video data indicating an MIP mode that is applied to the luma components of the coding unit; and applying the MIP mode of the luma component of the coding unit to the two chroma components of the coding unit.

The disclosure herein further provides an electronic apparatus comprising: one or more processing units; memory coupled to the one or more processing units; and a plurality of programs stored in the memory that, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform the method as described in the above embodiments. Such steps or operations can be reached by the skilled in the art directly and without any doubts, by combining the whole description above.

The disclosure herein further provides a non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a plurality of programs for execution by an electronic apparatus having one or more processing units, wherein the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to perform the method as described in the above embodiments. Such steps or operations can be reached by the skilled in the art directly and without any doubts, by combining the whole description above.

In one or more examples, the functions described may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof. If implemented in software, the functions may be stored on or transmitted over, as one or more instructions or code, a computer-readable medium and executed by a hardware-based processing unit. Computer-readable media may include computer-readable storage media, which corresponds to a tangible medium such as data storage media, or communication media including any medium that facilitates transfer of a computer program from one place to another, e.g., according to a communication protocol. In this manner, computer-readable media generally may correspond to (1) tangible computer-readable storage media which is non-transitory or (2) a communication medium such as a signal or carrier wave. Data storage media may be any available media that can be accessed by one or more computers or one or more processors to retrieve instructions, code and/or data structures for implementation of the implementations described in the present application. A computer program product may include a computer-readable medium.

The terminology used in the description of the implementations herein is for the purpose of describing particular implementations only and is not intended to limit the scope of claims. As used in the description of the implementations and the appended claims, the singular forms “a,” “an,” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will also be understood that the term “and/or” as used herein refers to and encompasses any and all possible combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” and/or “comprising,” when used in this specification, specify the presence of stated features, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, elements, components, and/or groups thereof

It will also be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first electrode could be termed a second electrode, and, similarly, a second electrode could be termed a first electrode, without departing from the scope of the implementations. The first electrode and the second electrode are both electrodes, but they are not the same electrode.

The description of the present application has been presented for purposes of illustration and description, and is not intended to be exhaustive or limited to the invention in the form disclosed. Many modifications, variations, and alternative implementations will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art having the benefit of the teachings presented in the foregoing descriptions and the associated drawings. The embodiment was chosen and described in order to best explain the principles of the invention, the practical application, and to enable others skilled in the art to understand the invention for various implementations and to best utilize the underlying principles and various implementations with various modifications as are suited to the particular use contemplated. Therefore, it is to be understood that the scope of claims is not to be limited to the specific examples of the implementations disclosed and that modifications and other implementations are intended to be included within the scope of the appended claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A method of decoding video data, comprising: receiving, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; determining a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether a transform tree structure is present for the coding unit, and the transform tree structure contains residual data; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: determining a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; and performing the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.
 2. The method of claim 1, further comprising: determining not to perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a zero value of the second syntax element.
 3. The method of claim 1, further comprising: in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value, assigning a zero value to the second syntax element.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the coding unit is encoded with the ACT in a lossy manner.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the coding unit is encoded with the ACT in a lossless manner.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the ACT is from YCgCo color space to YCbCr color space.
 7. An electronic apparatus comprising: one or more processing units; memory coupled to the one or more processing units; and a plurality of programs stored in the memory that, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to: receive, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; determine a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether a transform tree structure is present for the coding unit, wherein the transform tree structure contains residual data; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: determine a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; and perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.
 8. The electronic apparatus of claim 7, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, further cause the electronic apparatus to: determine not to perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a zero value of the second syntax element.
 9. The electronic apparatus of claim 7, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, further cause the electronic apparatus to: in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value, assign a zero value to the second syntax element.
 10. The electronic apparatus of claim 7, wherein the coding unit is encoded with the ACT in a lossy manner.
 11. The electronic apparatus of claim 7, wherein the coding unit is encoded with the ACT in a lossless manner.
 12. The electronic apparatus of claim 7, wherein the ACT is from YCgCo color space to YCbCr color space.
 13. A non-transitory computer readable storage medium storing a plurality of programs for execution by an electronic apparatus having one or more processing units, wherein the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, cause the electronic apparatus to: receive, from a bitstream, video data corresponding to a coding unit, wherein the coding unit is encoded in inter prediction mode or intra block copy mode; determine a first syntax element from the video data, wherein the first syntax element indicates whether a transform tree structure is present for the coding unit, wherein the transform tree structure contains residual data; in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a non-zero value: determine a second syntax element from the video data, wherein the second syntax element indicates whether adaptive color-space transform (ACT) is applied for the coding unit; and perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a non-zero value of the second syntax element.
 14. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 13, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, further cause the electronic apparatus to: determine not to perform the ACT on the residual data of the coding unit in accordance with a zero value of the second syntax element.
 15. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 13, the plurality of programs, when executed by the one or more processing units, further cause the electronic apparatus to: in accordance with a determination that the first syntax element has a zero value, assign a zero value to the second syntax element.
 16. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the coding unit is encoded with the ACT in a lossy manner.
 17. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the coding unit is encoded with the ACT in a lossless manner.
 18. The non-transitory computer readable storage medium of claim 13, wherein the ACT is from YCgCo color space to YCbCr color space. 